1/31/2024 0 Comments Iran proud kodi![]() Under Rafsanjani, arrogance gave way to a conservative realism. The revolution’s early passions were replaced by a hard-earned pragmatism, produced in part by excesses that backfired against the clerics and exhausted the population. The second phase coincided with the two terms of President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, from 1989 until 1997. Iran was widely viewed as an international pariah throughout the revolution’s first decade. It produced more than one million casualties (deaths and injuries). The turmoil was exacerbated by an eight-year war with Iraq that became the Middle East’s bloodiest modern conflict. It was a tumultuous period of revolutionary extremes that included killing off supporters of the ancien regime, taking foreigners hostage, and fostering zealotry across the Islamic world. The first phase was the Khomeini decade from 1979 until the ayatollah’s death in 1989. Iran’s revolution has passed through at least five phases: The patterns of Iran’s four-decade revolution-whether in domestic politics, foreign policy, the economy, or social sphere-have often been determined by the dominant political faction of the day. For decades, a confluence of challenges-political and cultural repression, menacing rhetoric, and defiance over its nuclear program-complicated dealing with the Islamic Republic. ![]() It also unnerved both East and West by defiantly challenging international norms. It rattled the region by exporting its zealous ideology it sired or sponsored militant allies from Lebanon to the Gulf. It stunned the world by introducing Islam as a form of modern governance. ![]() Iran, proud and passionate, has been a conundrum since its 1979 revolution. ![]()
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